kassites in the bible kassites in the bible

Idem, Sex, Age and Physical Condition Designations for Servile Laborers in the Middle Babylonian Period, in G. van Driel, T. J. H. Krispijn, M. Stol, and K. R. Veenhof, eds., Zikir umim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. The only Kassite deities who had temples in Kassite Babylonia were the patron deities of the royal family, uqamuna and umaliya. Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. The Kassites seem to be relatively new to the region, in view of the fact that they do not appear among the peoples who inhabited the central and southern Zagros according to Sargonic and Ur III sources. The last two toponyms are mentioned in Sennaheribs 8th campaign against the Kassites and Yasubigalleans (see Edzard, 1976-80, p. 271a). Mesopotamian Pottery. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. H. Gasche, J. Political Interactions between Kassite Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt and atti during the Amarna Age". J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. Last modified August 03, 2011. Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). 412-18. In addition to their original members and dependents, both sectors absorbed prisoners of war, fugitive foreigners. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. 88 f.). (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV), Joshua said to all the people, This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. [20] Other important centers during the Kassite period were Larsa, Sippar and Susa. Republished under the British Museum Standard Terms of Use for non-profit educational purposes. 23. The rulers of the successive three post-Kassite dynasties (ca. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. [47] What is known is that their language was not related to either the Indo-European language group, nor to Semitic or other Afro-Asiatic languages, and is most likely to have been a language isolate, although some linguists have proposed a link to the Hurro-Urartian languages of the Armenian highlands and Northern Mesopotamia. The problem is that there are several places called Ur. The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. The fall of Babylon is reported by a number of ancient sources, including the Cyrus Cylinder, the Greek historian Herodotus, as well as a number of books in the Old Testament. Cite This Work Fourteen letters were exchanged between the pharaohs and two successive Kassite kings, Kadaman-Enlil I (1369-55 BCE) and Burnaburia II (1354-28 BCE). 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? 45-52. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. The new rulers, non-Babylonians known as Kassites, adopted Babylonian conventions in their royal iconography and inscriptions. 17-22. But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. What kind of government did the Kassites have? ), whose kings were native Babylonians. J. 124, no. After Babylon came within the Kassite sphere of control its city-god, Marduk was absorbed into the Kassite pantheon. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. K. Nashef, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 5, Wiesbaden, 1982. 351-58. Tukulti-Ninurta of Assyria conquered Babylon in 1225 B.C., but the Kassites survived Assyrian pressure until twelfth-century wars with Elam finally resulted in the end of their suzerainty. Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Original definition by British Museum. 14151050 BCE. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". The state sector, namely, the royal family, bureaucrats, priests, artisans, and attached labor (dependents and slaves of the palaces and temples), seems to have been the dominant one in the economy of Kassite Babylonia. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." XVI, Fasc. Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. Since they had chariots, they were not nomadic, but were fully settled in segregated rural encampments. [58] The seals were generally made of stone, glass, or clay. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. [12] Several tablets dated to the reign of Agum III were found at the Dilmun site of Qal'at al-Bahrain. R. Pientka, Die Sptaltbabylonische Zeit: Abieu bis Samsuditana: Quellen, Jahresdaten, Geschichte, 1, 2, Imgula 2, Mnster, 1998. Web. Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). Christians have historically spoken of the Bible as being divided into the "Old" and the "New" testaments. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and the Babylonian City of Dilbat The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. Required fields are marked *. Most of the documentation (ca. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 59, no. Chr. Buried History, 51, 57-60. Elam is recorded in history at the time of Sagron of Akkad around 2300 BC where it is listed on the Bible Timeline. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. Charpin, 1995). The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). Your email address will not be published. Idem, Kassiten, RlA 5, 1976-1980, pp. During the 16th century BCE. Omissions? [17] This practice continued for several centuries after the end of the Kassite Dynasty. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? For a time I said I was an atheist. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Around 1500 BC. Unfortunately, many of those tablets have not yet been published, including hundreds held in the Ottoman Museum in Istanbul. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. 135-38. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. 403-10. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. The Midianites were a biblical people who occupied territory east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and southward through the desert wilderness of the Arabah. 535-545, Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Qf. There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. 11, no. A. Brinkman, Kassiten (Kass), RLA, vol. 231-246, Brinkman, J. 86 ff.). Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. The panes of glass used to create these images were very brightly colored, and closer analysis has revealed that they were bright green, blue, white, and red-orange. The findings of those digs can be found HERE. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. The event is recorded in Genesis 12. The fall of the First Sealand dynasty in 1460 BC created a power vacuum which the Kassites filled. ; Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. 1499-1503. The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. Iraq Museum, Limestone relief of a male figure from Tell al-Rimah, Iraq. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. 251-54. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, JNES 15, 1956, pp. Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. diss., Columbia University, 2002. Thus Rameses means to come from Ra and Mosa would be incomplete, and as it says in Exodus he was drawn from the water. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. Brinkman, J. Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. 2014. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. (1969): 310-348, Kaniuth, Kai. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. 257 ff. Early Periods, 4. But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. 20712, Brinkman, J. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. The art of the Kassite period is best known for a type of stone monument known as a kudurru ( 1985.45 ). Volume 2 Kardunia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). They include administrative and legal texts, letters, seal inscriptions, private votive inscriptions, and even a literary text (usually identified as a fragment of a historical epic). The Semitic mind of the Bible could see that universality connoted in the phrase 'for many'. Kassites stayed in Babylonia, but their main concentration was the central Zagros northeast of Babylonia, notably in Namri and Bt-Hamban. 14151155 BCE." Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. There may be several Kassite names in Old Babylonian uarr in the Zagros (see Eidem, 1992, p. 49b, top; Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 412 with n. 16). The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, Archiv fr Orientforschung 18,1957-58, pp. Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. 159-70. 3, 1972, pp. Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. 437-478, Malko, Helen. Ancient Babylon was an influential city that served as a center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia, from roughly 2000 B.C. "10. )], Buga[u?] In the 12th century Elam struck the final blow at Kassite power in Babylonia, already weakened by local insurrection. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that werent fully conquered by Israel. How much longer should the Sun remain in its stable phase? 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. In time, a new dynasty emerged. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. The third people group is thought be Israel. Kassites. The Kassites took refuge in the mountains but were brought down and resettled, in standard Assyrian practice, in Hardispi and Bit Kubatti, which were made part of the Arrapha district. In addition, they had neither cultic nor familial ties with the northern Babylonian temple cities (see Richardson, 2002, pp. 10 f., is cautious and allows for the alternative Ka-a-i-i Bi-ma-ti-i, thereby keeping Bimat apart from the Kassites). The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. To the east of the Hittite Empire, Mesopotamia was not ruled by a single state or empire during most of the Bronze Age. (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). Temples were granted whole villages with the tillers, who stood in dependency and an exploitation relationship (see Oelsner, 1982a, 1982b). Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. 229-244, Brinkman, J. The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. Isin in the Kassite Period". The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? Phone Toll Free: 877-966-7300 or 816-584-3077, [This article continues after a message from the authors], These Articles are Written by the Publishers of, Amazing Bible Timeline with World History 2023. 4 Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. I read the Bible four times as a child I thought I believed different from everyone else. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this may be just an accident of documentation. 3, 1963, pp. 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. "6. When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? 19-38. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. J. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. It's . 93, no. 1, 2006, pp. Prof. David Goldenberg Categories: Beha'alotcha Old Arab Woman, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1882. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. Brinkman, 1986). 421 f.). The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). Paper, 1956, p. 252). Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. The Kushites are the Nilo-Saharan peoples who contributed their binary worldview to the ancient Afro-Asiatic world. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. The Babylonian empire founded by Hammurabi was overthrown by the Kassites (whose origins are unknown) in 1595 BCE, the conquest following a Hittite invasion that sacked Babylon but did not stay to rule over it.Over the following centuries, the Kassites successfully . But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Idem, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, Analecta Orientalia 43, Rome, 1968. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. The Kassite penetration into Mesopotamia.