Chapter 1. A slightly moveable amphiarthrosis provides for small movements while maintaining stability between adjacent bones as in the vertebral column. In contrast, the deep socket of the acetabulum and the strong supporting ligaments of the hip joint serve to constrain movements of the femur, reflecting the need for stability and weight-bearing ability at the hip. Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped? b. shape of articular surfaces III. Risk factors that may lead to osteoarthritis later in life include injury to a joint; jobs that involve physical labor; sports with running, twisting, or throwing actions; and being overweight. The synovial joint in the knee forms between the tibia and femur, as seen in the following image. B xiphoid process Moving your head in the direction to say no is an example of head ____. 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True or False: The most important factor in joint stability is the depth of the articular surface. c. muscle tendons that cross the joint c. size a. RA arthritis is due to the accumulation of crystals in the joints that impair movement of the joint and cause extreme pain. Plane joints are formed between the small, flattened surfaces of adjacent bones. D phosphorus and vitamin D, The hormone that increases the reabsorption of calcium from bones is: Here, the head of the radius is largely encircled by a ligament that holds it in place as it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. b. less mobile than arm joints. Long protein bundles htat fill the sarcoplasmand store glycogen, What is the chief function of T tubules? The mysosin heads propel the actin myofilaments toward the center of the sarcomere; this pulls the Z disks closer together, which shortens the sarcomere and the entire muscle The synovial membrane lines the interior surface of the joint cavity and secretes the synovial fluid. Kicking a ball is an example of knee ____. Watch this animation to observe hip replacement surgery (total hip arthroplasty), which can be used to alleviate the pain and loss of joint mobility associated with osteoarthritis of the hip joint. The most numerous and versatile of all the body's joints are What is the sheet of connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity of synovial joints called? A) The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula. Outside of their articulating surfaces, the bones are connected together by ligaments, which are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue. C GH D) The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius. B & & & \\ b. plantar flexion The bone rotates within this ring. When bones are . (a) changes in the coloration of peppered moth populations over time False B 4 b. treppe C parts of the DNA needed for the synthesis of calcium ions A hinge/elastic connective tissue d. platysma, What is the linea alba? A coracoids process b. saddle d. the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal, d. the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal, Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________. a. Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints. Finally, an articular disc can serve to smooth the movements between the articulating bones, as seen at the temporomandibular joint. A mandible and maxilla d. produce a smooth surface. d. articular cartilage softens and degenerates, d. articular cartilage softens and degenerates, Which of the following correctly describes skeletal muscles? The adult human body contains 206 bones and approximately 300 joints, or points where two bones meet. Joint replacement is a very invasive procedure, so other treatments are always tried before surgery. At these joints, the rounded head of one bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation (the socket) of the adjacent bone (see Figure 9.4.3f). d. the triceps brachii is the antagonist, and the brachialis is the prime mover, c. the triceps brachii is the prime mover, and the brachialis is the antagonist, The ideal length tension relationship is: At the beginning A of the compression process, 500cm3500 \mathrm{cm}^{3}500cm3 of gas is at 100 kPa and 20.0C.20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}.20.0C. C saddle joints a. are extensions of periosteum a. synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones a. hinge, saddle, and ellipsoidal A. d. the hip joint, The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________. c. tendon sheaths The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. c. Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. b. synarthroses, amphiarthroses Synovial fluid is a vicious material that is derived by filtration from blood True True/False The articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability True True/False The major role of ligaments at synovial joints in to unite bones and prevent undesirable movement. a. medial rotation of an extended knee d. Bursae contain a thin film of synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths lack synovial fluid altogether. C GH c. They contain myofilaments necessary for muscle contraction b. the muscle twitch is a brief and "jerky movement", while the tetanic contraction is prolonged and continuous a. joint (articular) cavity These structures can serve several functions, depending on the specific joint. b. (1) Fibrous joint (2) Cartilaginous joint (3) Synovial joint (4) Ball and socket joint Locomotion and Movement Zoology Practice questions, MCQs, Past Year Questions (PYQs), NCERT Questions, Question Bank, Class 11 and Class 12 Questions, NCERT Exemplar Questions and PDF Questions with answers, solutions, explanations, NCERT reference and . a. circumduction A fibrous connective tissue Inflammation occurs in the joint, and the fluid that accumulates causes swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain. Two general principles apply to synovial joint innervation: Hilton's law states: Articular nerves supplying a joint are branches of the nerves that supply the muscles responsible for moving that joint. B hearing c. ligaments connecting the two bones of the joint This causes calcium ions to be pumped into the T tubules. Also classified as a synchondrosis are places where bone is united to a cartilage structure, such as between the anterior end of a rib and the costal cartilage of the thoracic cage. B thyroxine a. articular cartilage at bone ends is replaced with hyaline cartilage a. Knee a. cavities lined with cartilage B the secondary center of ossification in the distal ephysis a. Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints. B both permit movement in all planes c. Muscles obtain their energy through aerobic respiration of glucose; this is useful because it produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration The classification of a joint as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes: Definition. The fibula is connected by ligaments to the femur. Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the . b. gout The cells of this membrane secrete synovial fluid (synovia = a thick fluid), a thick, slimy fluid that provides lubrication to further reduce friction between the bones of the joint. The walls of this space are formed by the articular capsule, a fibrous connective tissue structure that is attached to each bone just outside the area of the bones articulating surface. B parts of the RNA needed for the synthesis of calcium ions True or False: Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion. This is called an articular disc, which is generally small and oval-shaped, or a meniscus, which is larger and C-shaped. Subtendinous bursae are found where one tendon overlies another tendon. This membrane produces a special fluid to lubricate the joint and prevent wear on cartilage while the joint is in motion. What is the most common cause of hip disability? A. medial joint B. tibiofemoral joint C. femoropatellar joint D. lateral joint E . a. articular cartilage a. a small muscle that helps with compression of the abdomen ANS: D Feedback A Synovial joints have a cavity. c. The epimysium extends past the muscle as a flat sheet of connective tissue that fuses with the covering of the other muscles. The bones of the joint articulate with each other within the joint cavity. c. Sarcomeres Usually these accumulate within joints, causing joint pain. a. Syndesmoses By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the characteristic features for synovial jointsand give examples. If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________. d. Acetycholine is decomposed by acetycholinesterase, a. A spongy bone in the diaphysis of a long bone A tendon is the dense connective tissue structure that attaches a muscle to bone. B calcitonin Friction between the bones at a synovial joint is prevented by the presence of the articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone. a. II. C it anchors tendons All synovial joints are freely movable. d. sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses, Which joint does NOT belong with the others? c. pronation The motion at this type of joint is usually small and tightly constrained by surrounding ligaments. The act of increasing the angle between bones is ____________________. The elbow joint. True or False: Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly. b. synovial membranes C floating ribs a. c. Weakness, because not all of the ACh will find a receptor, resulting in poor nerve transmission D radius and ulna, The part of a synovial joint that encloses the joint in a strong sheath is the: D ball-and-socket joints, The ethmoid bone helps protect the sensory receptors and nerves for: B \rightarrow C \\ a. adduction Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. ABBCCDDAABCDAQWEint. d. attach to each other in their midportions, The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________. c. diarthrosis b. C parathyroid hormone The different types of synovial joints are the ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint), hinge joint (knee), pivot joint (atlantoaxial joint, between C1 and C2 vertebrae of the neck), condyloid joint (radiocarpal joint of the wrist), saddle joint (first carpometacarpal joint, between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone, at the base of the thumb), and plane joint (facet joints of vertebral column, between superior and inferior articular processes).